Morphometric and phylogenetic analysis of theDaviesia ulicifolia complex (Fabaceae, Mirbelieae)

Daviesia ulicifolia is a widespread species that exhibits complex variation throughout its range. Using ordination and cluster analysis of morphometric characters we resolved ten terminal taxa for phylogenetic analysis. A data set including these and five closely related species was coded for a combination of morphometric and qualitative characters and analysed using parsimony. This revealed thatD. ulicifolia is paraphyletic by inclusion ofD. acicularis, D. arenaria andD. microcarpa. One terminal cluster is more similar to an outgroup species (D. arthropoda) than toD. ulicifolia and should be treated as a new species. Given recent theoretical and empirical studies showing paraphyly to be both expected and observed at species level, we propose that all existing species in this group continue to be recognised taxonomically. We suggest subdividingD. ulicifolia into several subspecies.     

A statistical approach to the evaluation of characters to estimate evolutionary relationships among the species of the aquatic subterranean genus, Iberobathynella (Crustacea, Syncarida)

The 13 known species of the genus Iberobathynella were studied. Twenty-six characters with usually two or three states were revealed to have low within-species variability but show clear differences among some species. These characters were hypothesized to have states convex on the branching pattern of the phylogenetic lines that gave rise to these 13 species (i.e. be uniquely derived). Each pair of these hypotheses was tested for logical compatibility; then, for each character, a new character was created by choosing equiprobably one of the possible permutations of the 13 species to rename the species in each state. Characters created in this random way would have convex states only by chance, not by evolution. This random character was tested with each of the remaining 25 for logical compatibility as hypotheses of convexity. For each character, one thousand such random characters were created and tested. Sixteen observed characters were compatible with more other observed characters than 90% of their randomly generated counterparts, and so were considered plausibly non-random. They were used to speculate on branching patterns of the phylogenetic lines among the 13 species.     

蚕豆在重金属污染条件下数量性状的分化研究

运用正交设计方法,经过４代的原位种植实验,研究了在人工控制条件下Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋对同一蚕豆种质在株高、首次开花时间、每株结豆荚数、单位豆荚豆数数（每２０个豆荚）、种子的重量（５０粒）等数量性状的代内和代间分化,实验结果表明,在初始种植代仙,低深度的重金属除使开花时间以外的各数量性状指标程度不同有刺激升高作用;高浓度则使性状明显受到抑制。对于属除使开花时间以外的各数量性     

The tarsus of erythrosuchid archosaurs, and implications for early diapsid phylogeny

The morphology of the erythrosuchid ankle joint is reassessed. Two specimens, recently thought to have been incorrectly referred to Erythrosuchus africanus , are shown without doubt to belong to this taxon. Furthermore, the morphology is essentially similar to that of other early archosaurs. The tarsus of Erythrosuchus is poorly ossified and consists of a calcaneum, astragalus, and two distal tarsals. The calcanea of Erythrosuchus, Vjushkovia triplicostata , and Shansisuchus shansisuchus are all similar in being dorsoventrally compressed, possessing a lateral tuber, and lacking a perforating foramen. The astragalus of V. triplicostata is currently unknown. The astragalus of Shansisuchus is apparently unique in form. The erythrosuchid pes is therefore more derived than has been recently proposed. The tarsal morphology of several other archosauromorph taxa is reviewed and many details are found to be at variance with the literature. The plesiomorphic condition for the Archosauromorpha consists of four distal tarsals and a proximal row of three elements; two of which articulate with the tibia. These proximal elements are interpreted as the astragalus, calcaneum, and a centrale, and the same pattern is retained in the earliest archosaurs. This reassessed tarsal morphology has implications for the homology of the centrale and reconstruction of early diapsid phylogeny.     

Formation in vitro of ripe tomato fruits from thin layer explants of flower pedicels

Thin longitudinal sections cut from pedicels of fifteen cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were grown in vitro on Murashige-Skoog medium supplemented with various concentrations of different auxins and cytokinins. Isatin (an auxin precursor slowly converted to an active auxin) was the most effective source of auxin for the formation of buds without prior root formation, while zeatin was the most effective cytokinin for growth and development of the buds. Flower buds and ripe fruits developed consistently from explants of the cultivar Pixie Hybrid II treated with 10 M isatin plus 3 M zeatin as the cytokinin. Fruits developed parthenocarpically, grew to a diameter of about 15 mm, ripened promptly, and possessed normal color and flavor.Abbreviations BAP benzylaminopurine - IAA indole-3-acetic acid - IBA indole-3-butyric acid - IPA isopentyladenosine - NAA -napthaleneacetic acid     

泡沙参复合体(桔梗科)的物种生物学研究——Ⅲ.性状的遗传变异及其分类价值

阐明性状变异的遗传基础是评估性状分类价值以及揭示类群关系和进化过程的前提。本文根据泡沙参复合体内6个天然居群的材料,利用居群样本分析、子代测定和杂交试验等手段,结合统计学方法对该复合体一些在以往类群划分中起鉴别作用的形态性状进行了遗传学分析。结果表明,叶形、叶缘锯齿数目和大小、茎叶被毛、花萼裂片齿数、花梗长短等性状都是遗传性比较强的性状,而且性状之间有很强的相关性。但是,这些性状在居群内呈现连续变异且变异幅度非常大,以致于变异的两个极端个体被分别作为不同的种处理。通过对野外居群样本的统计分析和对极端变异类型个体所进行的子代测定及其人工杂交,进一步证实上述性状是受多基因决定的数量性状,其变异幅度大,变异式样中并不存在任何程度的间断性,因而至少在本复合体内没有鉴别意义。因此,以往建立在上述性状变异基础上的3个类群(A.biformifolia Y.Z.Zhao;A.bockiana Diels和A.polydentata P.F.Tu et G.I.Xu)均不成立。最后,本文对形态性状变异的遗传基础及其与类群划分的关系进行了讨论。     

畜禽遗传资源系统保存的理论与模拟实验研究──I．畜禽遗传资源系统保存的理论分析

本文提出了畜禽遗传资源系统保存的概念、基本思想及其群体遗传结构变化的数学模型。该理论是将一定时空内某一畜种所拥有的全部基因作为保存对象,既将活体保存作为基本方法,又将其有机地与高新生物技术结合在一起;既追求系统地保存控制畜种特性的基因资源,又可达到保存地方品种的目的。在假定无世代重叠,群体内存在选择、突变、迁移,且考虑漂变效应的情况下,本文所构建的两个数学模型可分别用来描述一个座位上多个主基因频率或数量性状群体均数的动态变化。     

Characterization of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in cultivated rice contributing to field resistance to sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani)

Sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the most important diseases of rice. Despite extensive searches of the rice germ plasm, the major gene(s) which give complete resistance to the fungus have not been identified. However, there is much variation in quantitatively inherited resistance to R. solani, and this type of resistance can offer adequate protection against the pathogen under field conditions. Using 255 F₄ bulked populations from a cross between the susceptible variety Lemont and the resistant variety Teqing, 2 years of field disease evaluation and 113 well-distributed RFLP markers, we identified six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to resistance to R. solani. These QTLs are located on 6 of the 12 rice chromosomes and collectively explain approximately 60% of the genotypic variation or 47% of the phenotypic variation in the LemontxTeqing cross. One of these resistance QTLs (QSbr4a), which accounted for 6% of the genotypic variation in resistance to R. solani, appeared to be independent of associated morphological traits. The remaining five putative resistance loci (QSbr2a, QSbr3a, QSbr8a, QSbr9a and QSbr12a) all mapped to chromosomal regions also associated with increased plant height, three of which were also associated with QTLs causing later heading. This was consistent with the observation that heading date and plant height accounted for 47% of the genotypic variation in resistance to R. solani in this population. There were also weak associations between resistance to R. solani and leaf width, which were likely due to linkage with a QTL for this trait rather than to a physiological relationship.     

Distinctions betweenHordeum bulbosum andH. murinum s.l. in seed and herbarium collections

It is sometimes necessary to identify eitherH. bulbosum orH. murinum on the basis of the inflorescence or seeds alone. The majority of taxonomic keys use the presence of swollen basal culms for the former against the annual habit for the latter. Confusion is due to similarities in inflorescences and spikelet morphology. Lodicules which always persist and are present beside the fruit in a mature caryopsis, and other characters such as the awns of the lemmas of the lateral spikelets enable conclusive distinction.     

Probleme der Flechten-Chemotaxonomie — Stoffkombinationen und ihre taxonomische Wertung

Die Kombination (Koppelung) der Stoffe im Chemosyndrom kann gegenseitig oder einseitig obligat oder auch fakultativ sein. Dabei ist die Stellung der beteiligten eng verwandten Produkte im Rahmen der Biosynthese von Fall zu Fall verschieden. — Dem Chemotaxonomen kann die Berücksichrigung dieser Aspekte zumindest tendenziell als Anhaltspunkt dienen. Bei Vorkommen der Komponenten in verschiedenen Verwandtschaftskreisen wird man ein Chemosyndrom - also eine Kornbination biogenetisch eng verwandter Verbindungen - urn so eher als ein einziges Merkmal betrachten können, je seltener die Kombination aufgelöst ist. Zweifellos stellen der solitare Stoff als Einzelmerkmal und die ohne Ausnahme auftretende (obligate) Kombination als Einzelmerkmal nur Extreme einer gleitenden Reihe dar. Herrn Prof. Dr. E. KLUG (Berlin) danke ich für die Durchsicht des Manuskripts und für werrvolle Diskussion, Herrn H. LÜNSER für die sorgfältige Ausführung der Zeichnungen, Frau I. EGGERT, Frau C. MÜLLER und Frau 1. POHL für die Hilfen bei der Vorbereitung des Manuskripts. Herrn Dr. M. SEAWARD (Bradford) bin ich für Beratung und Diskussion in Zusammenhang mit der Form der englischen Zusammenfassung sehr zu Dank verpflichter,